MTOR and melanoma: Moreover, unlike mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin), which act upstream to suppress autophagy indirectly [28], CEP directly impairs lysosomal function, blocking cathepsin maturation (Figure 5D,E) and effectively preventing MHC-I degradation (Figure 1B,C)—a mechanism increasingly recognized as critical for CD8+ T cell activation in melanoma immunotherapy [7].