CAFs arise through similar mechanisms to myofibroblasts in IPF, including EMT and EndMT, driven by cytokines such as TGF-β, epidermal growth factor (EGF), VEGF, FGF, TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 secreted by cancer and non-malignant stromal cells [23,56,76]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.