CD4 and neoplasm: Significantly, NS1 enhances anti-tumor immunity: research in animal models reveals that NS1 administration augments the infiltration of immune cells, including CD4 + and CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, into tumor tissue, and elevates Th1 cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-2, signifying a vigorous cell-mediated immune response (Gupta et al., 2016).