IRS1 and Insulin resistance: This supports the idea that high levels of BCAAs in the blood could raise the risk of T2DM (De Bandt et al., 2022) by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and then ribosomal protein S6 kinase1 (S6K1), which phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and promotes insulin resistance (Yoon, 2016; White et al., 2021; Figure 2).