SMAD3 and atrial fibrillation: MiR-23-3p is involved in ferroptosis in atrial fibrillation patients by targeting SLC7A11.41 Another study reported that miR-23-3p perpetuate AFib progression by regulating TGF-β1.42 Similar pattern observed with miR-25-3p that promotes atrial fibrosis by suppressing Dickkopf 3 (Dkk3), an enhancer of SMAD7 expression, that activate SMAD3 and fibrosis-related genes expression.43