In AD, these cofilin-actin rods, structures composed of bundles of cofilin-saturated actin filaments, which result from localized cofilin hyperactivation by dephosphorylation and oxidation (Bernstein et al., 2012), inhibit intracellular trafficking and cause synaptic loss in cultured hippocampal neurons (Cichon et al., 2012; Oliveira da Silva et al., 2024). Here, CFL1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.