Cu: copper; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFRcys: estimated glomerular filtration rate using cystatin C; GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDLC: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT2i: sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor; sTNFαR1: soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 1; UACR: urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; Zn: zinc. Here, ALB is linked to chronic kidney disease.