Moreover, dysbiosis alters microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and indoles, which disrupts endocrine signaling (PYY, GLP-1/2, adiponectin, and resistin), impairs insulin pathways, and promotes lipogenesis, ultimately driving obesity and diabetes (Moszak et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene GLP1R and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.