ACHE and irritable bowel syndrome: Microbiota-driven ACh dysregulation is validated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) models: Dysbiosis-induced choline deficiency is reversed by cytidine diphosphate (CDP)-choline supplementation, which upregulates choline transporter (ChT1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression to restore neurotransmission (Guo et al., 2023a).