CXCR4 and carcinoma: reported no statistically significant differences in CXCR4 or CXCL12 expression between early and advanced MF, although both were upregulated relative to healthy skin (82).The CXCL12–CXCR4 axis is a well-established driver of tumorigenesis, supporting angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis in various carcinomas (83).