The remarkable clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology, such as anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) and anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) antibodies, which reinvigorated exhausted T cells in metastatic melanoma (14), lung cancer (15), and renal-cell carcinoma (16), provides a compelling rationale for adapting these strategies to TB. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and tuberculosis.