PDCD1 and thyroid gland carcinoma: Correspondingly, castration has been shown to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies, indicating that reduced androgen signaling diminishes T-cell exhaustion and sensitizes hosts to more effective immune checkpoint blockade therapy (42).These mechanisms may partially explain the apparent paradox wherein young males exhibit lower thyroid cancer incidence than females yet present with more advanced disease stages at diagnosis.