Though limited to a single cycle of neoadjuvant therapy, combinations with oleclumab (anti-CD73), monalizumab (anti-NKG2A) or danvatirsen (anti-STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide) improved MPR rates compared to durvalumab monotherapy (19%–31% vs 11%), with signals of activity even in PD-L1-negative tumours.24 These signals align with the phase II COAST trial, in which a survival benefit in unresectable stage III NSCLC was seen in the durvalumab + oleclumab and durvalumab + monalizumab arms, irrespective of PD-L1 status,33 suggesting potential avenues for PD-L1-independent response. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.