The hallmark cytokines of Th1 cells, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), facilitate macrophage activation, upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression on tumor cells, and potentiate CTL-mediated cytotoxicity (Ghiringhelli et al., 2004). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.