TNF and neoplasm: PAMAM dendrimers linked to TLR agonists or IL-12 greatly enhance Th1 polarization, resulting in elevated levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ.By enhancing the activation of CD4+ T-cells, tumor clearance is improved with the use of functionalized PAMAM dendrimers that encapsulate immune checkpoint inhibitors (such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4) (Huai et al., 2019).