The expression of hepatic inflammatory cytokines were induced by the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs, such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)) after recognizing the upregulated pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, such as LPS) or damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) during the progression of MASLD (Carpino et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.