MAPK1 and viral pneumonia: Furthermore, MAPK inhibitors such as SB203580, targeting p38, and U0126, targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)/ERK, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects in various viral pneumonia models, highlighting the MAPK pathway as a promising therapeutic target linking viral recognition to immune pathology (Soares-Silva et al., 2016; Braicu et al., 2019).