Artemisinin-derived artesunate (ART) significantly reduces the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the lung tissue of influenza-infected mice by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB (p65) axis, with a lung index reduction of over 30%, and significantly improves body weight and survival rate (Zhou et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to influenza.