The gene expression profile reported in VD3-deficient mice exposed to SE-PA was quite similar to the changes observed in other pulmonary fibrosis models, including the murine model of IPF (sameness was observed in the cases of Acta2, Fn1) (Tzilas et al., 2019; Chang et al., 2021), as well as human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to TGFβ (sameness was noted in the cases of Acta2, Cdh1, Cdh2, Vim, and Snail) (Fischer and Agrawal, 2014; Zheng et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene ACTA2 and pulmonary fibrosis.