NDUFS1 and cancer: NDUFS1 has been reported to modulate tissue or cell injury in certain scenarios, including cardiac dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis after myocardial infarction 19, and the enhancement of radiation sensitivity to cancer cells for suppressing tumor progression 20, 21, etc. Here, we further identified the importance of NDUFS1 in regulation of paraquat (PQ)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury via modulation of ENaCα production, expanding the understanding of mitochondrial activity in AFC and acute lung injury.