The mechanism of α-pinene's anticancer effects includes the induction of apoptosis, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, increased Caspase 3 activity, heterochromatin aggregation, DNA fragmentation, exposure of phosphatidylserine, and reduction of tumor metastasis to the lungs in mice [70, 72, 73]. Here, CASP3 is linked to neoplasm.