TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: As a highly homologous form of miR-145, which has been confirmed to modulate TNF-α-mediated signaling and cartilage matrix degradation (Guo et al., 2024; Hu et al., 2017), miR-145a-5p has been shown to influence the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), aplastic anemia, and rheumatoid arthritis (Kadkhoda & Ghafouri-Fard, 2022).