TNF and tuberculosis: Genomic studies, leveraging high‐throughput sequencing, uncover the genetic basis of host–pathogen interactions, including reduced microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance determinants in TB patients [394, 395], while transcriptomics captures dynamic gene expression patterns such as upregulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL‐6, TNF‐α) and microbiota‐derived genes in TB pathogenesis [396, 397].