This upregulation was closely associated with activation of pivotal immune checkpoint pathways, including PD-1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), IFN-γ response, and inflammatory signaling, indicating LILRB4-mediated immune dysregulation in CMML pathogenesis 213. Here, LILRB4 is linked to chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.