INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Research has shown that in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related diabetic nephropathy (T2D-DN), there is a notable downregulation of B cells, while Th1 cell subtypes, Treg, and monocytes are significantly increased.[36]Tregs are thought to influence inflammatory responses and may impact insulin sensitivity in DN patients, although the precise mechanisms remain a topic of debate.