In closing, our work expands the notion that cancers can initiate in a cell with a different lineage identity from the resultant tumor, a concept first established in chronic myeloid leukemia, where the BCR–ABL translocation initiates in a hematopoietic stem cell but the clinical manifestation of the disease is elevated levels of terminally differentiated myeloid cells (neutrophils)93,94. The gene discussed is BCR; the disease is cancer.