The anti-tumour activity of both, Imiquimod and R848, can be mediated upon direct TLR7 activation on tumour cells as well as through TLR7 activation in other immune cells that modulate cell-mediated immune responses to tumour cells41–44, and there is increasing evidence indicating that TLR7/8 agonists may directly stimulate antitumor responses in various murine cancers when combined with standard therapies45–47. Here, TLR7 is linked to cancer.