IL1B and cystitis: Similar results were obtained in acute cystitis, where an IL-1 receptor antagonist, targeting overactive IL-1β processing machinery, has shown a broad protective effect in the murine acute cystitis model.12,40,43 Protective effects were recently clinically validated in a controlled Phase II study, where IL-1RA treatment showed similar efficacy as antibiotics (I. Ambite, A. Pilatz, M. Buch-Heberling, et al, unpublished data).