AKT1 and heart failure: Heart failure is associated with numerous signaling pathways and molecules, including the regulation of metabolism and protein synthesis by PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK; calcium signaling pathways, such as CaMKII and PLC-IP3, which promote pathological hypertrophy; NO/cGMP/PKG signaling, which inhibits pathological processes; RAAS and catecholamines inducing remodeling through Gq and β-adrenergic receptors; ROS and NF-κB exacerbating oxidative stress and inflammation; and PTEN on chromosome 10, among others [112].