Our previous study showed that high glucose can promote Th17 cell differentiation via ROS-mediated activation of latent TGF-β and exacerbate autoimmune diseases.12 Meanwhile, long-term fructose intake has also been reported to increase ROS production in rat peripheral blood monocytes.47 We found that fructose and glucose induced comparable ROS production in cultured T cells. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and autoimmune disease.