GDF15 and lupus nephritis: Research has shown that elevated levels of GDF15 have been associated with a higher likelihood of developing chronic kidney disease and a more rapid deterioration of kidney function in different types of renal disorders, such as diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis, primary membranous nephropathy, kidney transplantation, Fabry disease, and amyloidosis.36