For example, CD5+ B cells are involved in the production of low-affinity polyreactive antibodies and have been discussed in both autoimmunity and malignant transformation, especially chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.34,35 Moreover, a subset of dendritic cells has also been described to express CD5, associated with enhanced functions in T cell priming.36 Both B cells and dendritic cells also play a role in the pathology that is mostly in the same direction as pro-inflammatory T cells. This evidence concerns the gene CD5 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.