Levels of circulating oxidized LDL are associated with progression of atherosclerosis, especially in patients younger than 60 years.5 Beyond their role in lipid oxidation as observed in this study, oxPLs on Lp(a) can stimulate IL-8 production and resultant NF-κB signaling, induce macrophage apoptosis, and promote monocyte penetration through the endothelium and into the arterial wall.63 These observations support the role of oxPL in the pro-inflammatory actions of Lp(a). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and atherosclerosis.