CD40 and thromboangiitis obliterans: ,16 Although Apt-guided delivery has been investigated in other contexts, such as TSHR-targeting aptamers for assessing TAO clinical activity25 and CD40-targeting RNA aptamers for TAO treatment,55 its application specifically targeting CD34+ orbital fibroblasts for sustained IL-6R inhibition in TAO via biodegradable microspheres represents a novel therapeutic strategy.