ULK1 and infection: Based on previous data from the literature, our findings suggest that L. monocytogenes induces early amino acid starvation in our infection model, an event known to activate ULK1 to initiate autophagosome formation (20, 21), which led us to hypothesize whether ULK1 could also play a role in the control of ubiquitylation and recruitment of p62 to L. monocytogenes surface.