Notably, FAM3C, or interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducer (ILEI), is a cytokine that regulates extracellular matrix–receptor interactions, wound healing, and cell migration.37,38 ILEI also activates LIFR, triggering STAT3-related intracellular signalling pathways to drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.46 The increased expression of LIFRα and STAT3 observed here in multiple cell types suggests a possible role for this pathway in migraine. This evidence concerns the gene TDO2 and migraine disorder.