After the phosphorylation of P65 enters the nucleus, it increases the expression of ATF5 (Activating Transcription Factor 5), thereby promoting the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, elevating the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), and exacerbating liver inflammation (58). This evidence concerns the gene ATF5 and Hepatitis.