FASN and renal fibrosis: In mesangial cells, high glucose enhances ChREBP O-GlcNAcylation and upregulates renal acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) to exacerbate lipid toxicity, prompting HIF-1α to further intensify renal fibrosis [107, 108] (Fig. 4A).