TNF and neoplasm: For example, Clec4e molecules can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway via Syk kinase, which in turn promotes the protumorigenic effects of TAMs.68 Therefore, blocking TNF-α with anti-TNF-α antibodies may be therapeutically useful.69 IFN-γ is an anti-inflammatory factor that inhibits the production of TAMs, thereby reversing the immunosuppressive and tumorigenic properties of TAMs,70 whereas the NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of macrophage activation, which mediates cytotoxicity against tumor cells.71