CD4 and neoplasm: The inflammatory nature of many cancers and the resulting tumor infiltration of various leukocytes (especially myeloid MDSCs and TAMs) combine to create an immunosuppressive environment that results in the suppression of the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response effects of DCs.185,186 This immunosuppression is usually mediated by cytokines secreted by tumor or tumor-infiltrating MDSCs and/or TAMs.187 For example, inhibitory cytokines secreted by TAMs, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, may inhibit the maturation of DCs, thereby reducing their antigen presentation capacity.