DUSP4 is implicated in the development of T cell exhaustion [32], and we also identified overexpression of several other classically defined exhaustion marker genes such as ENTPD1, IL2RA, and CXCR6, consistent with an immune-exhausted tumor microenvironment (Supplementary Fig. S3A, Supplementary Table S5). Here, DUSP4 is linked to neoplasm.