Treatment standards in patients with dyspeptic symptoms in primary care have in Sweden included the so called “Hp-test and treat” strategy, where Hp-positive dyspeptic patients are tested with a non-invasive, indirect Hp-test method [urea-breath-test (UBT), fecal ELISA-test for Hp-antigen (F-Hp or serology)] and treated with proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics without undergoing gastroscopy [25], provided they were younger than 50 years and had no alarm symptoms (bleeding, anemia, positive fecal hemoglobin test, weight loss, dysphagia, vomiting, abdominal mass) [26]. Here, HP is linked to anemia.