Remarkably, genetic activation of Toll signaling by co-expressing an activated form of Tl, the protein kinase pll, the transcription factors dl or Dif phenocopied the effects of RasV12//M6−/− tumors, transforming RasV12 tumors into highly proliferative malignant tumors (Figs. 2I,J and EV2G,H). This evidence concerns the gene EDAR and cancer.