TLR4 and Immunodeficiency: In Drosophila, there are two major innate immunoregulatory pathways known as the Toll pathway and the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway, they collectively control the systemic production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to combat microbial infection (Lemaitre and Hoffmann, 2007; Lemaitre et al, 1996; Lemaitre et al, 1997).