UBA1 and myelodysplastic syndrome: The prevalence of pathogenic UBA1 mutations, independent of selection bias for inflammatory symptoms, is approximately 0.02% (1 of 4269) in men and 0.004% (1 of 26,238) in women over 50 years of age.11 The prevalence rate among MDS patients is reported to be higher (0.5–1.3%).10,12 Data on benign BMF without dysplasia or inflammatory symptoms remain unexplored.