Independent variables included clinical stage (coded as 1 = Stage I, 0 = Stage II/III/IV), differentiation grade (coded as 1 = low differentiation, 0 = moderate/high differentiation), ECOG PS (coded as 1 = ECOG PS 0–1, 0 = ECOG PS ≥ 2), serum albumin (measured value), LMR (measured value), HRR (measured value), ALB/GLB (measured value), and age (measured value).LASSO regression analysis identified ECOG PS 0–1, ALB/GLB, and age as independent prognostic factors for lung cancer. Here, ALB is linked to lung carcinoma.