VEGFA and neoplasm: Local thermal interventions also affect the tumor microenvironment; increased infiltration of dendritic cells, T-cells, and NK cells that could potentiate the effect of immunotherapies as well as mechanisms that promote tumorigenesis, such as via HIF-α/VEGF, have been observed after local heating in small animal tumor models (Markezana et al2020, 2021, Muñoz et al2022, Santana et al2023).