AKR1B10 and breast carcinoma: While AKR1B10 is highly up-regulated in malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, lung cancer, and breast cancer, where it promotes oncogenesis and drug resistance (28, 35–38), it is paradoxically down-regulated in gastrointestinal cancers (39).