S100B and neurodegenerative disease: In short, S100β in neuronal tissue is mainly a pro-apoptotic protein and is upregulated in neurodegenerative diseases and injuries such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), AD, Down syndrome, ALS, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, cerebral stroke, Parkinson’s disease, IS, cartilage injury and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) [3,46,48,52].