In short, S100β in neuronal tissue is mainly a pro-apoptotic protein and is upregulated in neurodegenerative diseases and injuries such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), AD, Down syndrome, ALS, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, cerebral stroke, Parkinson’s disease, IS, cartilage injury and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) [3,46,48,52]. The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is Parkinson disease.