ATG5 and cancer: These ATG proteins are organized into core functional complexes - such as the ULK1/2 kinase complex, the autophagy-specific class III PI3K complex, the ATG9A trafficking system, and two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems (ATG12–ATG5–ATG16L and LC3) - that precisely regulate membrane dynamics required for autophagosome biogenesis[66] and have been shown to be involved in the progression of malignant tumors[67].