TSPO and autoimmune encephalitis: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using radiolabeled translocator protein (TSPO) ligandshas been used in studies in autoimmune encephalitis, neurodegeneration, and tuberous sclerosis complex have revealed prolonged central microglial activation that correlates with cognitive decline, even after peripheral inflammatory markers normalize (Kagitani-Shimono et al., 2023; Rossano et al., 2024; Wang J. et al., 2025).