Multiple immune deconvolution methods (CIBERSORT, xCell, and MCPcounter) consistently demonstrated the T cell subset alteration in AF and all six key genes were positively associated with resting memory CD4+ T cells and negatively with CD8+ T cells (p value < 0.05, r >0.4, Figures 4A–D). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and atrial fibrillation.