TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: TGF-β is a central regulator of myocardial fibrosis and inflammation, linking molecular pathways to phenotypes and serving as an experimental therapeutic target despite the challenges posed by its pleiotropic nature (Hanna and Frangogiannis, 2020; Hanna and Frangogiannis, 2019; Matthia et al., 2022).