Conversely, other studies have demonstrated that lactic acid may partially restore PGC-1α activity, reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, alleviate renal injury, and improve survival in murine models of sepsis-induced AKI (Takakura and Zandi-Nejad, 2019). Here, PPARGC1A is linked to acute kidney injury.