HMGB1 and Sepsis: In sepsis-induced AKI models, PKM2 inhibition attenuates the activation of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes, decreases the release of IL-1β, IL-18, and HMGB1 by macrophages, and ultimately improves survival outcomes (Xie et al., 2016).