The CD-related shift mutation in NOD2 encodes a mutated NOD2 protein, which then fails to recruit ATG16L1 directionally to the site of bacterial entry into the plasma membrane, resulting in inefficient autophagic clearance of bacteria, which is strongly linked to the production of IBD by NOD2 gene polymorphisms and abnormal expression (126). Here, NOD2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.